juliensimon/forbush-decreases

--- license: cc-by-4.0 pretty_name: "Forbush Decrease Events (IZMIRAN FEID)" language: - en description: "Forbush decrease events from IZMIRAN FEID catalog (7,097 events, 1957-2016). Solar wind, IMF, CME, and geomagnetic parameters." task_categories: - tabular-regression - time-series-forecasting tags: - space - space-weather - forbush-decrease - cosmic-rays - solar-wind - cme - geomagnetic - izmiran - open-data - tabular-data - parquet size_categories: - 1K<n<10K configs: - config_name: default data_files: - split: train path: data/forbush_decreases.parquet default: true --- # Forbush Decrease Events (IZMIRAN FEID) <div align="center"> <img src="banner.jpg" alt="Aurora borealis blankets the Earth, seen from the ISS" width="400"> <p><em>Credit: NASA</em></p> </div> *Part of the [Space Weather Datasets](https://huggingface.co/collections/juliensimon/space-weather-datasets-69c24cae98f1666f2101ca70) collection on Hugging Face.* A comprehensive catalog of **7,097** Forbush decrease events spanning **1957--2016**, from the Forbush Effects and Interplanetary Disturbances (FEID) database maintained by IZMIRAN (Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation). Each event includes solar wind parameters, interplanetary magnetic field measurements, Forbush decrease magnitudes, geomagnetic indices, and associated CME data. ## Dataset description A **Forbush decrease** is a rapid reduction in the galactic cosmic ray intensity observed at Earth, caused by the passage of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) or co-rotating interaction region (CIR) through the heliosphere. The enhanced magnetic field within these structures acts as a shield, temporarily deflecting galactic cosmic rays away from the inner solar system. Typical decreases range from 1--10% of the ambient cosmic ray flux, with the largest events (associated with extreme CMEs) exceeding 15%. Forbush decreases are measured by the worldwide network of ground-based neutron monitors at ~10 GV rigidity. The FEID catalog cross-references each cosmic ray decrease with its solar source (flare, CME), the interplanetary disturbance parameters (solar wind speed, IMF magnitude, Bz component), and the geomagnetic response (Kp, Ap, Dst indices). This multi-parameter approach makes the FEID one of the most richly annotated Forbush decrease catalogs available. These events are important for: (1) understanding cosmic ray modulation by solar activity, (2) forecasting radiation environment changes relevant to aviation and spaceflight, and (3) studying the propagation and geo-effectiveness of CMEs and ICMEs through the heliosphere. ## Schema | Column | Type | Description | |--------|------|-------------| | `datetime_utc` | datetime | Event onset time (UTC) | | `onset_type` | float64 | Onset type: 1=shock+SSC, 2=interplanetary shock, 3=weak SSC, 9=no shock | | `quality` | float64 | Data quality (1-5, higher = better) | | `solar_source_datetime_utc` | datetime | Solar source event time | | `solar_source_type` | float64 | Solar source type code | | `solar_wind_speed_onset_km_s` | float64 | Solar wind speed at onset (km/s) | | `solar_wind_speed_mean_km_s` | float64 | Mean solar wind speed during event (km/s) | | `solar_wind_speed_max_km_s` | float64 | Maximum solar wind speed (km/s) | | `imf_b_max_nt` | float64 | Maximum IMF magnitude (nT) | | `imf_bz_min_nt` | float64 | Minimum IMF Bz component (nT, southward = negative) | | `fd_magnitude_pct` | float64 | Forbush decrease magnitude at 10 GV (%) | | `fd_magnitude_corrected_pct` | float64 | Magnetosphere-corrected FD magnitude (%) | | `fd_min_time_hours` | float64 | Time to minimum cosmic ray flux (hours) | | `fd_min_depth_pct` | float64 | Minimum depth of cosmic ray decrease (%) | | `spectral_index_max` | float64 | Maximum spectral index of the decrease | | `spectral_index_min` | float64 | Minimum spectral index (during recovery) | | `kp_max` | float64 | Maximum Kp index during event | | `ap_max` | float64 | Maximum Ap index during event | | `dst_min_nt` | float64 | Minimum Dst index during event (nT) | | `cme_datetime_utc` | datetime | Associated CME observation time | | `cme_width_deg` | float64 | CME angular width (degrees) | | `cme_angle_deg` | float64 | CME position angle (degrees) | | `ground_level_enhancement` | float64 | GLE flag (>0 if ground-level enhancement observed) | | `sunspot_number` | float64 | Daily sunspot number at event time | ## Quick stats - **7,097** Forbush decrease events (1957--2016) - Median FD magnitude: **1.0%**, maximum: **28.1%** - **656** events with associated CME data - **7097** events with Dst index measurements - **91** events coinciding with ground-level enhancements (GLEs) ## Usage ```python from datasets import load_dataset ds = load_dataset("juliensimon/forbush-decreases", split="train") df = ds.to_pandas() # FD magnitude distribution import matplotlib.pyplot as plt df["fd_magnitude_pct"].dropna().hist(bins=50) plt.xlabel("Forbush Decrease Magnitude (%)") plt.ylabel("Count") plt.title("Distribution of Forbush Decrease Magnitudes") plt.show() # FD magnitude vs solar wind speed valid = df.dropna(subset=["fd_magnitude_pct", "solar_wind_speed_max_km_s"]) plt.scatter(valid["solar_wind_speed_max_km_s"], valid["fd_magnitude_pct"], alpha=0.3, s=10) plt.xlabel("Max Solar Wind Speed (km/s)") plt.ylabel("FD Magnitude (%)") plt.title("Forbush Decrease vs Solar Wind Speed") plt.show() # Annual event count (tracks solar cycle) df["year"] = df["datetime_utc"].dt.year df.groupby("year").size().plot(kind="bar", figsize=(14, 4)) plt.ylabel("Events per year") plt.title("Forbush Decrease Events by Year") plt.show() ``` ## Data source IZMIRAN Forbush Effects and Interplanetary Disturbances (FEID) database, maintained by the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences. [spaceweather.izmiran.ru](http://spaceweather.izmiran.ru/eng/dbs.html) ## Related datasets - [Neutron Monitor](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/neutron-monitor) — Cosmic ray count rates - [DONKI Space Weather](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/donki) — CMEs, flares, geomagnetic storms - [Solar Wind (OMNI)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/omni) — Hourly solar wind parameters - [Dst Index](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/dst-index) — Geomagnetic storm index - [Substorm Onsets](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/substorm-onsets) — Magnetospheric substorm events ## Pipeline Source code: [juliensimon/space-datasets](https://github.com/juliensimon/space-datasets) ## Support If you find this dataset useful, please give it a ❤️ on the [dataset page](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/forbush-decreases) and share feedback in the Community tab! Also consider giving a ⭐ to the [space-datasets](https://github.com/juliensimon/space-datasets) repo. ## Citation ```bibtex @dataset{forbush_decreases, author = {Simon, Julien}, title = {Forbush Decrease Events (IZMIRAN FEID)}, year = {2026}, publisher = {Hugging Face}, url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/forbush-decreases}, note = {Based on IZMIRAN FEID catalog (spaceweather.izmiran.ru)} } ``` ## License [CC-BY-4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)许可证：cc-by-4.0 美观名称："福布希衰减事件（IZMIRAN FEID）" 语言： - 英语 描述："来自IZMIRAN FEID目录的福布希衰减（Forbush Decrease, FD）事件（7097个事件，1957年-2016年），包含太阳风、行星际磁场（Interplanetary Magnetic Field, IMF）、日冕物质抛射（Coronal Mass Ejection, CME）及地磁参数。" 任务类别： - 表格回归 - 时间序列预测 标签： - 空间 - 空间天气 - 福布希衰减 - 宇宙射线 - 太阳风 - 日冕物质抛射 - 地磁 - IZMIRAN - 开放数据 - 表格数据 - Parquet 数据规模类别： - 1K<n<10K 配置： - 配置名称：default（默认） 数据文件： - 拆分方式：train 路径：data/forbush_decreases.parquet 默认：true # 福布希衰减事件（IZMIRAN FEID） <div align="center"> <img src="banner.jpg" alt="国际空间站视角下的地球极光" width="400"> <p><em>图源：NASA</em></p> </div> 本数据集属于Hugging Face上的[空间天气数据集](https://huggingface.co/collections/juliensimon/space-weather-datasets-69c24cae98f1666f2101ca70)合集。 本数据集收录了由俄罗斯科学院普尔科夫地磁、电离层和无线电波传播研究所（IZMIRAN）维护的福布希效应与行星际扰动（FEID）数据库中的**7097条**福布希衰减事件记录，时间跨度为**1957年至2016年**。每条事件记录均包含太阳风参数、行星际磁场测量数据、福布希衰减幅度、地磁指数及相关日冕物质抛射（CME）数据。 ## 数据集描述 **福布希衰减（Forbush Decrease, FD）**指在地球观测到的银河宇宙射线强度快速下降现象，由行星际日冕物质抛射（Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection, ICME）或共转相互作用区（Co-rotating Interaction Region, CIR）穿过日球层引发。这类结构内增强的磁场会起到屏蔽作用，暂时将银河宇宙射线偏转出内太阳系。典型的衰减幅度为背景宇宙射线通量的1%~10%，而与极端日冕物质抛射相关的特大事件衰减幅度可超过15%。 福布希衰减由全球约10GV刚度的地面中子监测器网络观测得到。FEID目录将每条宇宙射线衰减事件与其太阳源（耀斑、CME）、行星际扰动参数（太阳风速度、行星际磁场幅值、Bz分量）以及地磁响应（Kp、Ap、Dst指数）进行交叉关联。这种多参数标注方式使FEID成为当前注释最为丰富的福布希衰减目录之一。 这类事件的研究价值在于：(1) 理解太阳活动对宇宙射线的调制作用；(2) 预测与航空及航天相关的辐射环境变化；(3) 研究日冕物质抛射及行星际日冕物质抛射在日球层中的传播与地球效应。 ## 数据结构（Schema） | 列名 | 数据类型 | 描述 | |--------|------|-------------| | `datetime_utc` | datetime | 事件起始时间（UTC时区） | | `onset_type` | float64 | 起始类型：1=激波+同步磁层压缩（SSC），2=行星际激波，3=弱同步磁层压缩，9=无激波 | | `quality` | float64 | 数据质量评分（1-5，分值越高质量越好） | | `solar_source_datetime_utc` | datetime | 太阳源事件发生时间 | | `solar_source_type` | float64 | 太阳源类型编码 | | `solar_wind_speed_onset_km_s` | float64 | 事件起始时刻的太阳风速度（km/s） | | `solar_wind_speed_mean_km_s` | float64 | 事件期间的平均太阳风速度（km/s） | | `solar_wind_speed_max_km_s` | float64 | 最大太阳风速度（km/s） | | `imf_b_max_nt` | float64 | 行星际磁场最大幅值（nT） | | `imf_bz_min_nt` | float64 | 行星际磁场Bz分量最小值（nT，南向为负值） | | `fd_magnitude_pct` | float64 | 10GV刚度下的福布希衰减幅度（%） | | `fd_magnitude_corrected_pct` | float64 | 经磁层校正后的福布希衰减幅度（%） | | `fd_min_time_hours` | float64 | 宇宙射线通量达到最小值所需时间（小时） | | `fd_min_depth_pct` | float64 | 宇宙射线衰减的最小深度（%） | | `spectral_index_max` | float64 | 衰减过程的最大谱指数 | | `spectral_index_min` | float64 | 恢复阶段的最小谱指数 | | `kp_max` | float64 | 事件期间的最大Kp指数 | | `ap_max` | float64 | 事件期间的最大Ap指数 | | `dst_min_nt` | float64 | 事件期间的最小Dst指数（nT） | | `cme_datetime_utc` | datetime | 相关CME的观测时间 | | `cme_width_deg` | float64 | CME的角宽度（度） | | `cme_angle_deg` | float64 | CME的位置角（度） | | `ground_level_enhancement` | float64 | 地面增强（GLE）标记（>0表示观测到地面增强事件） | | `sunspot_number` | float64 | 事件发生当日的太阳黑子数 | ## 快速统计 - **7097条**福布希衰减事件（1957年-2016年） - 福布希衰减幅度中位数：**1.0%**，最大值：**28.1%** - **656条**事件包含关联CME数据 - **7097条**事件包含Dst指数测量数据 - **91条**事件与地面增强事件（GLEs）重合 ## 使用方法 python from datasets import load_dataset # 加载训练拆分数据集 ds = load_dataset("juliensimon/forbush-decreases", split="train") df = ds.to_pandas() # 绘制福布希衰减幅度分布直方图 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt df["fd_magnitude_pct"].dropna().hist(bins=50) plt.xlabel("福布希衰减幅度（%）") plt.ylabel("事件计数") plt.title("福布希衰减幅度分布") plt.show() # 绘制福布希衰减幅度与最大太阳风速度的散点图 valid = df.dropna(subset=["fd_magnitude_pct", "solar_wind_speed_max_km_s"]) plt.scatter(valid["solar_wind_speed_max_km_s"], valid["fd_magnitude_pct"], alpha=0.3, s=10) plt.xlabel("最大太阳风速度（km/s）") plt.ylabel("福布希衰减幅度（%）") plt.title("福布希衰减与太阳风速度的关系") plt.show() # 按年份统计事件数量（反映太阳活动周期） df["year"] = df["datetime_utc"].dt.year df.groupby("year").size().plot(kind="bar", figsize=(14, 4)) plt.ylabel("年度事件数") plt.title("各年份福布希衰减事件统计") plt.show() ## 数据来源 本数据集源自俄罗斯科学院普尔科夫地磁、电离层和无线电波传播研究所（IZMIRAN）维护的IZMIRAN福布希效应与行星际扰动（FEID）数据库。访问地址：[spaceweather.izmiran.ru](http://spaceweather.izmiran.ru/eng/dbs.html) ## 相关数据集 - [中子监测器](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/neutron-monitor) — 宇宙射线计数率数据 - [DONKI空间天气](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/donki) — 日冕物质抛射、耀斑、地磁暴数据 - [太阳风（OMNI）](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/omni) — 小时级太阳风参数数据 - [Dst指数](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/dst-index) — 地磁暴指数数据 - [亚暴起始事件](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/substorm-onsets) — 磁层亚暴事件数据 ## 数据处理流程 源代码仓库：[juliensimon/space-datasets](https://github.com/juliensimon/space-datasets) ## 支持与反馈 如果您认为本数据集对您的研究有所帮助，请前往[数据集页面](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/forbush-decreases)点赞，并在社区标签页留下反馈。也欢迎为[space-datasets](https://github.com/juliensimon/space-datasets)仓库点亮⭐Star。 ## 引用格式 bibtex @dataset{forbush_decreases, author = {Simon, Julien}, title = {Forbush Decrease Events (IZMIRAN FEID)}, year = {2026}, publisher = {Hugging Face}, url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/forbush-decreases}, note = {基于IZMIRAN FEID数据库（spaceweather.izmiran.ru）制作} } ## 许可协议 [CC-BY-4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)