Subjective descriptions of the behaviour of dogs during training and testing.

Owners and trainers were asked to place dogs in one of the response categories described, but were allowed to place them between categories to reflect the continuous nature of the descriptions. Dogs were categorised according to their empirical variability scores (optimism rank), giving an indication of how variability scores might relate to how owners and trainers subjectively viewed the dogs' behaviour. Subjective descriptions of the behaviour of dogs during training and testing.