Flower visitation by a butterfly, Ypthima argus (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), evaluated by pollen analysis and field observations. Ypthima

To investigate the flower visitation behavior of Ypthima argus (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), we combined pollen morphology analysis, DNA barcoding (ITS1 and ITS2), and traditional route census methods. From mid-April to early July, we captured 39 butterflies and collected pollen grains from each. Morphological and DNA analyses identified 22 and 57 plant taxa, respectively, revealing that these butterflies visit more than the eight plant species observed directly. DNA analysis proved effective, detecting interactions with up to 13 plant taxa. However, direct field observations provided crucial insights into plant communities and butterfly populations, essential for reconstructing flower visitation patterns. Our study concludes that pollen morphology, DNA barcoding, and field observations are complementary techniques.