GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE, ITS STAGES AND TREATMENT METHODS

This article examines the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, stages of progression, and modern treatment approaches of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a common disorder of the digestive system characterized by the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, which may lead to irritation of the esophageal mucosa and various complications. The study focuses on the mechanisms underlying the development of the disease, emphasizing the dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter, increased gastric acidity, and impaired motility of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the research analyzes the main risk factors contributing to the occurrence of GERD. These factors include unhealthy dietary habits, excessive body weight, stress, smoking, alcohol consumption, and the use of certain medications that may weaken the protective mechanisms of the esophagus. The article also describes modern diagnostic methods used to detect the disease, such as endoscopic examination, esophageal pH monitoring, laboratory tests, and other instrumental procedures that allow physicians to evaluate the severity and stage of the disorder. Furthermore, the paper presents scientific information on current treatment strategies, including pharmacological therapy, dietary and lifestyle modifications, and surgical interventions in severe cases. The findings suggest that early diagnosis and a comprehensive treatment approach are essential for preventing complications and improving the overall quality of life of patients suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease.