A Climatology of Convective Precipitation over Europe

The annual, seasonal, and diurnal spatiotemporal heavy convective precipitation
patterns over a pan-European domain are analyzed in this study using a combination of
datasets, including the IMERG precipitation rate product, E-OBS ground-based precipitation
gauge data, EURADCLIM climatological gauge-adjusted radar precipitation dataset, OPERA
ground-based radar derived precipitation rates, and ERA5 total and convective precipitation
products. ATDnet lightning data is used in conjunction with IMERG and EURADCLIM
precipitation rates with an imposed threshold of 10 mm hr-1 to classify precipitation as
convective. Annually, the largest convective precipitation accumulations are over the European
seas and coastlines. In summer, convective precipitation is more common over the European
continent, though relatively large accumulations exist over the northern coastal waters and the
southern seas, with a seasonal localized maximum over the northern Adriatic Sea. Activity
shifts southward to the Mediterranean and its coastlines in autumn and winter, with maxima
over the Ionian Sea, the eastern Adriatic Sea, and the adjacent coastline. Over the continent, 1
- 10% of the total precipitation accumulated is classified as convective, increasing to 10 - 40%
over the surrounding seas. In contrast, 30 - 50% of ERA5 precipitation accumulations over
land is produced by the convective parameterization scheme and 40 - 60% over the seas;
however, only 1% of ERA5 convective precipitation accumulations are from rain rates
exceeding 10 mm hr-1. Regional analyses indicate that convective precipitation rates over the
inland mountains follow diurnal heating, though little to no diurnal pattern exists in convective
precipitation rates over the seas and coastal mountains.