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Long-term research revealed that the application of biochar significantly increased CH<sub>4</sub> emissions by 38% while reduced N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by 29%, and greatly increased soil carbon storage by 87173%, significantly while decreasing CF by 1.1.8 Mg CO<sub>2</sub> eq ha<sup>-1</sup>. Among them, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions contributed 4695% of total GHG emissions, and the production and transportation of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar contributed 152% of total GHG emissions. Nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased rice yield by 85% and resulted in the highest NEEB. On the contrary, the application of biochar had a slight effect on rice yield and brought negative NEEB. However, the combination of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase rice yield while reducing CF, and bring positive NEEB.
