AKT/PACS2 participates in renal vascular hyperpermeability by regulating endothelial fatty acid oxidation in diabetic mice

HUVECs were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured in an Endothelial Cell Medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 5% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator. Cells were treated with 30 mM glucose and 0.1 mM palmitic acid (P0500, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) dissolved in 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 48 h to simulate HGHF treatment. The Akt inhibitor MK-2206 2HCl was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (S1078, Houston, TX, USA).