Peptide−Spectrum Match Validation with Internal Standards (P−VIS): Internally-Controlled Validation of Mass Spectrometry-Based Peptide Identifications

Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is an increasingly powerful tool for studying proteins in the context of disease. As technological advances in instrumentation and data analysis have enabled deeper profiling of proteomes and peptidomes, the need for a rigorous, standardized approach to validate individual peptide–spectrum matches (PSMs) has emerged. To address this need, we developed a novel and broadly applicable workflow: PSM validation with internal standards (P-VIS). In this approach, the fragmentation spectrum and chromatographic retention time of a peptide within a biological sample are compared with those of a synthetic version of the putative peptide sequence match. Similarity measurements obtained for a panel of internal standard peptides are then used to calculate a prediction interval for valid matches. If the observed degree of similarity between the biological and the synthetic peptide falls within this prediction interval, then the match is considered valid. P-VIS enables systematic and objective assessment of the validity of individual PSMs, providing a measurable degree of confidence when identifying peptides by mass spectrometry.