Dataset of Winter Cole Phenology Change Characteristics in Jiangxi Province in 1981-2022

This study constructed a dataset characterizing the historical variations in eight phenology stages (sowing, emergence, fifth true leaf, bud emergence, bolting, flowering, green maturity, and maturity) and their lengths for winter cole, based on long-term phenological observation data (1981–2022) from 13 national agrometeorological observation stations in Jiangxi Province, China. Utilizing standardized quality control protocols, kernel density estimation, and linear tendency analysis, the dataset comprehensively documents the kernel density distribution patterns of day-of-year (DOY) for each phenology stage and its lengths across all 13 stations, along with historical trend equations and statistical significance test results. The dataset comprises 256 JPEG-format figures (345 MB) organized into 18 subfolders. This data resource provides critical scientific support for estimating yield potential, optimizing field management practices, refining regional cultivation zoning, mitigating agrometeorological risks, and breeding improved cultivars. It holds significant practical value for advancing the national strategic objective of "expanding oilseed production capacity" and offers essential data-driven insights to enhance the climate resilience of winter cole production systems in Jiangxi Province.