Table S1.- PCR stability test during 182.5 generations in vitro conditions to pfhrp2, pfhrp3, pfmal7P1.230, pfmal7P1.228, pfmal13P1.485 and pfmal13P1.475.

Table S1 shows the stability of pfhrp2, pfhrp3, and their flanking genes during 182.5 parasite generations of long-term in vitro culture. The field isolates F06 and F13 maintained consistent amplification of both genes and all neighboring loci, confirming their genomic stability throughout one year of culture. In contrast, isolates F23 and F32 consistently lacked pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 signals, in agreement with their gene-deleted genotype, while the flanking genes remained stable. These findings indicate that no spontaneous deletions occurred in pfhrp2/pfhrp3 or adjacent regions under the experimental conditions.