Supplementary Information files for "Synergistic atomic environment optimization of nickel–iron dual sites by Co doping and Cr vacancy for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution"

Supplementary files for article "Synergistic atomic environment optimization of nickel–iron dual sites by Co doping and Cr vacancy for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution"The dual-site synergistic catalytic mechanism on NiFeOOH suggests weak adsorption of Ni sites and strong adsorption of Fe sites limited its activity towards alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Large-scale density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm Co doping can increase Ni adsorption, while metal vacancy can reduce Fe adsorption. The combined two factors can further modulate atomic environment and optimize the free energy towards oxygen-containing intermediates, and thus enhance the OER activity. Accordingly, we used Co doping and Cr vacancies to fabricate an amorphous catalyst of V_Cr,Co-NiFeOOH. It provides an OER overpotential of 239 mV at 100 mA cm⁻² and high stability over 500 hrs at 500 mA cm⁻² with a ~98 % potential retention. The resulting water electrolyzer based on anion exchange membrane (AEM) exhibited a remarkable performance of 1 A cm⁻² at 1.68 V in 1M KOH. XPS, soft-XAS and XANES combined with Bader charge analysis results reveal the regulation of local microenvironment can increase the valence state of Ni by Co doping, thus improving the adsorption energy on Ni sites. The Cr vacancy can alleviate the strong adsorption on Fe sites. DFT calculations confirm that synergistic effect of Co doping and Cr vacancies can redistribute the charge on the Ni/Fe sites, optimize d-band center of Ni and Fe, and endow catalyst with Ni-Fe dual sites to reduce the energy barrier of the OER rate-determining step.<br>© The Authors, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0