Descriptive statistics from psychometric functions: Compared to standard text, flipped text generated similar, though marginally worse (higher), sentence-length JND thresholds and Weber fractions.

This pattern held for mirror-reversed text (Groups M1 and M2) and upside-down text (Groups U1 and U2) alike. Across conditions, the point of subjective equality (PSE) consistently fell within 0.4 words of non-biased responding (PSE = 0).