Long-term evolution experiment of Escherichia coli in the presence of non-physiological metal ions

The metal ions are essential for various physiological processes. Interestingly, not all organisms use same metal ions for those processes. Although these differences are believed to be occurred through evolution processes, the mechanisms which metal ions are selected are still unclear. The objective of this project is to clarify the effect of long-term exposure of non-physiological metal ions on Escherichia coli.