Supplemental Data: Producer perspectives on positive welfare opportunities for dairy cows

A total of five focus groups involving 27 dairy farmer participants were held in Ontario, Canada from March 14 to April 14, 2023. Twenty (74%) participants identified as men and seven (26%) as women. On average, participants were 42 years old (median = 37, range = 20-79) and had 94 lactating cows on their farm (median = 80, range = 40-320). In total, 24 farms were represented by our 27 participants. Eighty-three percent of farms (n = 20/24) were freestall, thirteen percent (n = 3/24) were tiestall, and four percent (n = 1/24) were compost-bedded pack.