Density of cerulean warbler territories (± 1 SE) and results of independent contrasts comparing log density ratio (post/pre-density) of treatment plots with controls for each given year.

Densities displayed are untransformed no. of territories/10 ha. Significant (P≤0.05) or marginal (0.05P≤0.10) results are in bold. Buffers and controls were compared in a separate analysis with no significant treatment x year interaction, so individual annual contrasts were not performed.