INTEGRATED CLINICAL, ULTRASONOGRAPHIC, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL RISK STRATIFICATION OF ASYMPTOMATIC OVARIAN MASSES IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN: EARLY DETECTION OF MALIGNANCY AND PROGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT

Asymptomatic ovarian and adnexal masses are increasingly detected in postmenopausal women as pelvic ultrasonography and cross-sectional imaging are more widely used. Although most incidentally identified lesions are benign, the probability of clinically significant neoplasia becomes increasingly relevant after menopause, and early discrimination between benign, borderline, and malignant lesions remains an important diagnostic challenge. An effective diagnostic strategy should minimize unnecessary surgical intervention in women with low-risk lesions while ensuring timely referral of patients with a substantial risk of malignancy to specialized gynecologic oncology services.