juliensimon/galileo-jupiter-atmosphere

--- license: cc-by-4.0 pretty_name: "Galileo Probe Jupiter Atmospheric Profile" language: - en description: "Jupiter atmospheric profile from the Galileo Probe descent (Dec 7, 1995) — temperature, pressure, and density from the stratosphere to ~24 bar." task_categories: - tabular-regression tags: - space - jupiter - galileo - atmosphere - nasa - planetary-science - probe - descent - open-data - tabular-data - parquet size_categories: - n<1K configs: - config_name: default data_files: - split: train path: data/galileo_jupiter_atmosphere.parquet default: true --- # Galileo Probe Jupiter Atmospheric Profile *Part of the [Space Probe & Mission Datasets](https://huggingface.co/collections/juliensimon/space-probe-and-mission-datasets-69c3fe82d410a42b1e313167) collection on Hugging Face.* Jupiter atmospheric structure measured by the Galileo Probe Atmospheric Structure Instrument (ASI) during entry and descent on **December 7, 1995**. The probe entered Jupiter's atmosphere at 6.5 degrees north planetocentric latitude and measured conditions from the stratosphere (~1000 km altitude) down to the ~22 bar pressure level (~130 km below the 1-bar reference). Currently **686** measurements: **386** from the entry phase (upper atmosphere) and **300** from the parachute descent phase. ## Dataset description The Galileo Probe was the first (and so far only) spacecraft to directly sample a giant planet's atmosphere. Released from the Galileo orbiter, it entered Jupiter's atmosphere at ~47 km/s and deployed a parachute at ~23 km above the 1-bar level. The Atmospheric Structure Instrument (ASI) measured temperature, pressure, and density throughout the entry and descent phases. The **entry phase** covers the upper atmosphere (stratosphere and upper troposphere, ~1000 km down to ~23 km altitude) where measurements are derived from probe deceleration. The **descent phase** covers the lower troposphere (~17 km down to ~-133 km, i.e., from 0.4 bar to ~22 bar) using direct temperature and pressure sensors under parachute. ## Schema | Column | Type | Description | |--------|------|-------------| | `phase` | string | Measurement phase: "entry" (upper atmosphere) or "descent" (lower atmosphere) | | `time_s` | float64 | Time from minor frame 0 (seconds) | | `altitude_km` | float64 | Altitude above the 1-bar pressure level (km; negative = below 1-bar) | | `pressure_bar` | float64 | Ambient atmospheric pressure (bar) | | `pressure_mbar` | float64 | Ambient atmospheric pressure (millibar) — entry phase only | | `temperature_k` | float64 | Atmospheric temperature (Kelvin) | | `density_kg_m3` | float64 | Atmospheric mass density (kg/m^3) | | `mean_molecular_weight_amu` | float64 | Mean molecular weight (AMU) — entry phase only | | `cp_over_cv` | float64 | Ratio of specific heats — entry phase only | | `gas_constant_j_kg_k` | float64 | Specific gas constant R (J/kg/K) — entry phase only | | `gravity_m_s2` | float64 | Local gravitational acceleration (m/s^2) — descent phase only | | `descent_velocity_m_s` | float64 | Probe descent velocity (m/s) — descent phase only | | `temperature_gradient_k_km` | float64 | Temperature lapse rate dT/dz (K/km) — descent phase only | | `velocity_km_s` | float64 | Probe velocity relative to atmosphere (km/s) — entry phase only | | `flight_path_angle_deg` | float64 | Flight path angle relative to atmosphere (degrees) — entry phase only | | `latitude_deg` | float64 | Planetocentric latitude (degrees) — entry phase only | | `longitude_deg` | float64 | System III west longitude (degrees) — entry phase only | ## Quick stats - **686** atmospheric measurements (entry + descent) - Altitude range: **1029 km** to **-133 km** (above 1-bar level) - Pressure range: **9.66e-10 bar** to **22.05 bar** - Temperature range: **107 K** to **904 K** - Date: December 7, 1995 ## Usage ```python from datasets import load_dataset ds = load_dataset("juliensimon/galileo-jupiter-atmosphere", split="train") df = ds.to_pandas() # Full temperature profile import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.plot(df["temperature_k"], df["altitude_km"]) plt.xlabel("Temperature (K)") plt.ylabel("Altitude above 1-bar (km)") plt.title("Jupiter Temperature Profile — Galileo Probe") plt.grid(True) plt.show() # Descent phase only — pressure vs temperature descent = df[df["phase"] == "descent"] plt.semilogy(descent["temperature_k"], descent["pressure_bar"]) plt.xlabel("Temperature (K)") plt.ylabel("Pressure (bar)") plt.gca().invert_yaxis() plt.title("Jupiter T-P Profile (Descent Phase)") plt.show() # Entry phase — upper atmosphere density entry = df[df["phase"] == "entry"] plt.semilogy(entry["density_kg_m3"], entry["altitude_km"]) plt.xlabel("Density (kg/m^3)") plt.ylabel("Altitude (km)") plt.title("Jupiter Upper Atmosphere Density") plt.show() ``` ## Data source [NASA PDS Atmospheres Node — Galileo Probe ASI](https://pds-atmospheres.nmsu.edu/PDS/data/gp_0001/data/asi/). Data from the Atmospheric Structure Instrument (ASI) on the Galileo Probe, archived by the Planetary Data System. Reference: Seiff et al. (1998), "Thermal structure of Jupiter's atmosphere near the edge of a 5-micron hot spot in the north equatorial belt", *J. Geophys. Res.*, 103(E10), 22857-22889. ## Update schedule Static dataset (one-time upload). The Galileo Probe entered Jupiter on December 7, 1995. ## Related datasets - [deep-space-probes](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/deep-space-probes) — Voyager 1/2 and Pioneer 10/11 merged hourly data - [jupiter-magnetosphere](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/jupiter-magnetosphere) — Juno magnetometer data at Jupiter ## Pipeline Source code: [juliensimon/space-datasets](https://github.com/juliensimon/space-datasets) ## Support If you find this dataset useful, please give it a ❤️ on the [dataset page](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/galileo-jupiter-atmosphere) and share feedback in the Community tab! Also consider giving a ⭐ to the [space-datasets](https://github.com/juliensimon/space-datasets) repo. ## Citation ```bibtex @dataset{galileo_jupiter_atmosphere, author = {Simon, Julien}, title = {Galileo Probe Jupiter Atmospheric Profile}, year = {2026}, publisher = {Hugging Face}, url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/galileo-jupiter-atmosphere}, note = {Based on NASA/PDS Galileo Probe Atmospheric Structure Instrument (ASI) data. Original PI: A. Seiff (NASA Ames)} } ``` ## License [CC-BY-4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)### 数据集元数据 - 许可证：CC-BY-4.0 - 友好名称："伽利略探测器木星大气剖面" - 语言：英语 - 数据集描述：源自1995年12月7日伽利略探测器（Galileo Probe）木星大气切入与下降过程的大气剖面数据，涵盖平流层至约24巴压强下的温度、压强与大气密度。 - 任务类别：表格回归（tabular-regression） - 标签：空间探测、木星、伽利略探测器、大气、NASA（美国国家航空航天局）、行星科学、探测器、大气切入、开放数据、表格数据、Parquet格式文件（Parquet） - 数据量范围：少于1000条记录 - 配置信息： - 默认配置：default - 数据文件：训练拆分，路径为`data/galileo_jupiter_atmosphere.parquet`，为默认启用的配置 # 伽利略探测器木星大气剖面 *隶属于Hugging Face平台的[空间探测器与任务数据集合集](https://huggingface.co/collections/juliensimon/space-probe-and-mission-datasets-69c3fe82d410a42b1e313167)。* 1995年12月7日，伽利略探测器搭载的大气结构仪器（Atmospheric Structure Instrument, ASI）在木星大气切入与下降过程中，测得木星大气结构。该探测器以木面地心纬度6.5度进入木星大气，测量范围从平流层（约1000公里高度）直至约22巴压强高度层（比1巴参考高度低约130公里）。 当前共包含**686条**测量数据：其中**386条**来自切入阶段（高层大气），**300条**来自降落伞下降阶段。 ## 数据集说明 伽利略探测器是首个（截至目前也是唯一一个）直接采样巨行星大气的航天器。它从伽利略轨道器释放后，以约47公里/秒的速度进入木星大气，并在比1巴高度层低约23公里处展开降落伞。大气结构仪器（ASI）在整个切入与下降阶段测量了温度、压强与密度。 **切入阶段**覆盖高层大气（平流层与对流层上层，高度约1000公里至23公里），测量数据源自探测器减速过程。**下降阶段**覆盖对流层下层（高度约17公里至-133公里，即压强从0.4巴至约22巴），通过降落伞下的直接温度与压强传感器获取数据。 ## 数据架构 | 列名 | 数据类型 | 说明 | |--------|------|-------------| | `phase` | 字符串 | 测量阶段："entry"（高层大气）或"descent"（低层大气） | | `time_s` | float64 | 副帧0起始时刻（秒） | | `altitude_km` | float64 | 1巴压强参考高度以上的海拔高度（公里；负值表示低于1巴参考高度） | | `pressure_bar` | float64 | 环境大气压强（巴） | | `pressure_mbar` | float64 | 环境大气压强（毫巴）—— 仅切入阶段包含 | | `temperature_k` | float64 | 大气温度（开尔文） | | `density_kg_m3` | float64 | 大气质量密度（千克/立方米） | | `mean_molecular_weight_amu` | float64 | 平均分子质量（原子质量单位）—— 仅切入阶段包含 | | `cp_over_cv` | float64 | 定压比热容与定容比热容之比—— 仅切入阶段包含 | | `gas_constant_j_kg_k` | float64 | 比气体常数R（焦耳/千克/开尔文）—— 仅切入阶段包含 | | `gravity_m_s2` | float64 | 局部重力加速度（米/平方秒）—— 仅下降阶段包含 | | `descent_velocity_m_s` | float64 | 探测器下降速度（米/秒）—— 仅下降阶段包含 | | `temperature_gradient_k_km` | float64 | 温度递减率dT/dz（开尔文/公里）—— 仅下降阶段包含 | | `velocity_km_s` | float64 | 探测器相对大气的速度（公里/秒）—— 仅切入阶段包含 | | `flight_path_angle_deg` | float64 | 相对大气的飞行路径角（度）—— 仅切入阶段包含 | | `latitude_deg` | float64 | 木面地心纬度（度）—— 仅切入阶段包含 | | `longitude_deg` | float64 | 木星系统III西经（度）—— 仅切入阶段包含 | ## 快速统计 - **686条**大气测量数据（切入阶段+下降阶段） - 海拔范围：**1029公里**至**-133公里**（相对于1巴参考高度） - 压强范围：**9.66e-10巴**至**22.05巴** - 温度范围：**107开尔文**至**904开尔文** - 观测日期：1995年12月7日 ## 使用示例 python from datasets import load_dataset ds = load_dataset("juliensimon/galileo-jupiter-atmosphere", split="train") df = ds.to_pandas() # 完整温度剖面 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.plot(df["temperature_k"], df["altitude_km"]) plt.xlabel("温度（开尔文）") plt.ylabel("1巴参考高度以上海拔（公里）") plt.title("木星温度剖面——伽利略探测器") plt.grid(True) plt.show() # 仅下降阶段——压强与温度关系 descent = df[df["phase"] == "descent"] plt.semilogy(descent["temperature_k"], descent["pressure_bar"]) plt.xlabel("温度（开尔文）") plt.ylabel("压强（巴）") plt.gca().invert_yaxis() plt.title("木星温压剖面（下降阶段）") plt.show() # 切入阶段——高层大气密度 entry = df[df["phase"] == "entry"] plt.semilogy(entry["density_kg_m3"], entry["altitude_km"]) plt.xlabel("密度（千克/立方米）") plt.ylabel("海拔高度（公里）") plt.title("木星高层大气密度") plt.show() ## 数据来源 [NASA（美国国家航空航天局）PDS大气节点——伽利略探测器ASI](https://pds-atmospheres.nmsu.edu/PDS/data/gp_0001/data/asi/)。数据源自伽利略探测器搭载的大气结构仪器（ASI），由行星数据系统（Planetary Data System, PDS）归档。参考文献：Seiff等人（1998），《木星北赤道带5微米热斑附近的大气热结构》，*《地球物理研究杂志》*，103(E10)，22857-22889。 ## 更新计划 静态数据集（一次性上传）。伽利略探测器于1995年12月7日进入木星大气。 ## 相关数据集 - [深空探测器](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/deep-space-probes)——旅行者1号/2号与先驱者10号/11号的合并小时级数据 - [木星磁层](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/jupiter-magnetosphere)——朱诺号木星磁强计数据 ## 数据处理流水线 源代码：[juliensimon/space-datasets](https://github.com/juliensimon/space-datasets) ## 支持与反馈 如果您觉得本数据集有用，请在[数据集页面](https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/galileo-jupiter-atmosphere)为其点赞❤️，并在社区标签页分享反馈！也欢迎为[space-datasets](https://github.com/juliensimon/space-datasets)仓库点亮⭐。 ## 引用格式 bibtex @dataset{galileo_jupiter_atmosphere, author = {Simon, Julien}, title = {伽利略探测器木星大气剖面}, year = {2026}, publisher = {Hugging Face}, url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/galileo-jupiter-atmosphere}, note = {基于NASA/PDS伽利略探测器大气结构仪器（ASI）数据。原始首席研究员：A. Seiff（美国航空航天局艾姆斯研究中心）} } ## 许可证 [CC-BY-4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)