Specific mechanical energy (SME) of each shear stress condition.

SME was calculated based on slight modified formula presented in the reference [23]. SME = Mechanical energy input Mass flow rate = N act N max × τ act τ max × Kw Q Nact: actual screw speed (rpm) Nmax: maximum screw speed (408.74 rpm in this study) τact: actual torque value (N∙m) τmax: maximum torque value (175.16 N∙m in this study) Kw: power of direct current motor (7.5 kW) Q: the amount of product per time (kg/h) Specific mechanical energy (SME) of each shear stress condition.