Temporal Human Pressure Index

It is widely accepted that the main driver of the observed decline in
biological diversity is increasing human pressure on Earth’s ecosystems.
However, the spatial patterns of change in human pressure and their
relation to conservation efforts are less well known. We developed a
spatially and temporally explicit map of global change in human pressure
over two decades between 1990 and 2010 at a resolution of 10 km2.
 We evaluated 22 spatial data sets representing different
components of human pressure  and used them to compile a Temporal
Human Pressure Index (THPI) based on 3 data sets: human population
density, land transformation, and electrical power infrastructure. We
investigated how the THPI within protected areas correlate to
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) management
categories and the Human Development Index (HDI), as well as how the THPI
was correlated to accumulative pressure using the original Human
footprint. Since the early 90’s, human pressure increased 64% in
terrestrial areas; the largest increases were in Southeast Asia. Protected
areas also exhibited overall increases in human pressure, the degree of
which varied with location and IUCN management category. Only wilderness
areas and natural monuments (management categories Ib and III) exhibited
decreases in pressure. Protected areas not assigned any category exhibited
the greatest increases. High HDI values and greater mean elevation
correlated with greater reductions in pressure across protected areas,
while increasing age of the protected area correlated with increases in
pressure. Our analysis is an initial step toward mapping changes in human
pressure on the natural world over time. That only 3 data sets could be
included in our spatio-temporal global pressure map, highlights the
challenge to measuring pressure changes over time.

学界普遍认为，观测到的生物多样性下降的主要驱动因素，是人类对地球生态系统施加的压力持续加剧。然而，人类压力的时空变化格局及其与保护行动的关联，目前仍未得到充分研究。本研究构建了1990至2010年二十年间全球人类压力变化的时空显式图谱，空间分辨率为10平方千米。本研究首先对表征人类压力不同维度的22项空间数据集进行评估，并从中选取3项数据集（人口密度、土地转化程度、电力基础设施）构建了时空人类压力指数（Temporal Human Pressure Index, THPI）。本研究分析了保护区内的THPI与世界自然保护联盟（International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN）管理类别、人类发展指数（Human Development Index, HDI）的相关性，同时基于原始人类足迹数据集，探究了THPI与累积压力的关联关系。自20世纪90年代初以来，陆地生态系统的人类压力上升了64%，其中增幅最大的区域为东南亚。保护区内的人类压力整体同样呈现上升趋势，且上升幅度因区域位置和IUCN管理类别不同而存在差异。仅有荒野地区与自然遗迹（管理类别Ib和III）的人类压力出现下降。未被划定类别的保护区，其人类压力增幅最大。保护区内较高的HDI值与更高的平均海拔，均与压力的更大降幅相关；而保护区的设立年限越长，则与其压力增幅正相关。本研究的分析为长期追踪全球自然系统所受人类压力的时空变化迈出了初步探索性的一步。本研究的时空全球压力图谱仅能纳入3项数据集，这一现状也凸显了长期量化压力变化所面临的挑战。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集是一个时空明确的全球人类压力指数(THPI)，基于1990-2010年间的人口密度、土地转化和电力基础设施数据，以10平方公里分辨率测量人类对自然世界的压力变化。研究显示，这20年间陆地地区人类压力增加了64%，并分析了不同保护区类型和人类发展指数下的压力变化模式。