Definitions of decision variables.

This paper addresses a line planning problem (LPP) that simultaneously optimizes both train and passenger times in passenger railway systems, considering time-dependent origin-destination-period demand and passenger train choice. The problem is clearly and flexibly modeled in a physical infrastructure-based directed graph, which efficiently integrates the train operation choice and the passenger train choice. The problem is first formulated as a mixed-integer, non-concave, and non-linear programming model aimed at minimizing both the total operating cost of trains and the total travel cost of passengers. To solve the problem, an extended time-dimension method is proposed to transform the non-concave and non-linear model into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model that can be solved using a commercial solver. Additionally, a set of simplification strategies is introduced to reduce the computational complexity while ensuring the global optimality of the linear model. A case study of a busy Chinese railway line demonstrates that the optimized time-dependent line plan enhances operational efficiency and accommodates the diversified travel preferences driven by time-dependent demand.