Umbilical Vein CD4+T-Cell Signatures as Predictors of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-Exposed Neonates

Our study reveals a novel immune-mediated mechanism by which gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) alters neonatal gut microbiota colonization, with potential implications for early-life microbiome programming and metabolic health. By integrating 16S rRNA sequencing of meconium and flow cytometric analysis of umbilical vein blood, we demonstrate that GDM induces a Th2/Th1 immune imbalance in neonates, which drives pro-inflammatory microbial shifts and depletes beneficial taxa. Mediation analysis further identifies CD4⁺T cell subsets and cytokines as significant mediators of GDM-microbiota associations.