BIOLOGY OF ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT: MECHANISMS AND MOLECULAR REGULATION

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a biologically regulated process involving coordinated remodeling of periodontal and bone tissues in response to mechanical forces. This review aims to summarize the underlying biological mechanisms, including tissue responses, phases of movement, classical theories, and molecular regulation. Current evidence indicates that OTM is mediated by the periodontal ligament and involves complex interactions between osteoblasts, osteoclasts, cytokines, prostaglandins, and genetic signaling pathways. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for optimizing orthodontic treatment and minimizing adverse effects.