MODERN METHODS OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION OF DENTAL CARIES

Dental caries is a dynamic biofilm-mediated disease in which early non-cavitated lesions may be arrested or reversed. Objective: To synthesize international evidence on early lesion detection and contemporary risk-adapted prevention. Methods: A structured narrative analysis of 15 international publications, clinical guidance documents, and systematic reviews focused on ICDAS/ICCMS, visual-tactile inspection, bitewing radiography, fluorescence-based adjuncts, fluoride products, sealants, and minimally invasive treatments. Results: Clean-and-dry visual assessment remains the primary diagnostic method; bitewing imaging is indicated selectively, while fluorescence and other optical aids can support but not replace clinical interpretation. Evidence supports fluoride toothpaste, professionally applied fluoride varnish, and pit-and-fissure sealants, with silver diamine fluoride and resin infiltration appropriate in selected lesion scenarios. Conclusions: Risk assessment, lesion activity determination, documentation, shared decision-making, and reassessment form the basis of sustainable caries prevention. The review provides a clinical decision framework rather than pooled efficacy estimates or original patient outcomes.