527 singleton fetuses/infants with adverse pregnancy/neonatal/growth outcomes designated as the case group, out of 19 187 pregnant women.

*Spontaneous intrauterine death of a fetus from gestation week 20 but before delivery.
†Fetal/infant death during delivery, which was not associated with improper management.
§Including symptomatic abnormalities at birth and delayed or progressive abnormalities at follow-up, such as congenital heart diseases (12), congenital hydrocephalus and cerebral palsy (6), skull deformity (2), facial deformity (lip/cleft palate, etc. 15), strabismus (2) and amblyopia (3), dysaudia or hearing loss (4), congenital esophageal atresia (1) and megacolon (2), skeletal deformities (spine curvature, thoracic deformity, hand/foot deformity, etc. 17), and others (4).
¶Identified based on child’s weight or height of less than two standard deviations below the mean for age, sex and district.
527 singleton fetuses/infants with adverse pregnancy/neonatal/growth outcomes designated as the case group, out of 19 187 pregnant women.