THE EFFECTS OF E-CIGARETTES AND TOBACCO PRODUCTS ON PERIODONTAL TISSUES: A MODERN SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS

Periodontal diseases are considered one of the leading causes of tooth loss worldwide. Their development is influenced by a number of microbiological, immunological, genetic, and environmental factors. In recent years, the widespread use of electronic cigarettes (ECs) and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has increased scientific interest in their effects on the oral cavity and periodontal tissues. While the adverse effects of conventional tobacco smoking on periodontal diseases have been extensively studied, the biological effects of electronic cigarette aerosols represent a relatively new area of research. Recent studies indicate that electronic cigarette aerosols may increase oxidative stress, enhance the expression of inflammatory mediators, alter the composition of the oral microbiota, and exert cytotoxic effects on periodontal ligament fibroblasts and alveolar bone cells. This article analyzes contemporary scientific evidence concerning the effects of tobacco products and electronic cigarettes on periodontal tissues.