Detection of integrated HIV-1 genome in epithelial cells by qPCR.

aC8166 cells express CXCR4 and were used for X4 viral infections only. bNP2-R5 cells express CCR5 and were used for R5 viral infections only. +, Integrated HIV-1 product detected (cycle threshold detection in brackets). ND, Integrated HIV-1 product not detected. Real-time PCR assay to detect integrated HIV-DNA using HIV-1 LTR and human Alu-specific primers and a U5 specific probe [92]. TR146, FaDu, A431 and PM-1 (control) cells were exposed to YU2 (R5) or LAI (X4) virus for 48 h at 37°C. DNA was extracted, digested with DpnI to degrade any plasmid DNA contaminant and analysed by real-time PCR.