Role of cell wall proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae’s response to commercial formulations of glyphosate and contribution of Ty elements to adaptation mechanisms

The use of glyphosate-based herbicides is widespread, despite its extensive use its effects are yet to be deciphered completely. The additives in commercial formulations of glyphosate though labelled inert when used individually, has adverse effects when used in combination with other additives and the active ingredient. An RNA seq study was performed to thoroughly investigate the changes that occur in a sensitive and a resistant strain at the transcriptome level on exposure to a commercial formulation of glyphosate. Changes in gene expression of genes contributing to numerous pathways involved in crucial cellular functions such as DNA replication, MAPK signaling, meiosis, cell wall synthesis etc. were found. Common fragile sites were found to play a role in adaptation mechanisms used by cells to attain resistance on long term exposure to a CFG. The cell wall structure acts as a protective barrier in alleviating the stress caused by exposure to Cr41, the thicker the cell wall the more resistant the cell is against CFG. Hence, a detailed study of the changes occurring at the genome and transcriptome level Is essential to better understand the possible effects of CFG on the cell as a whole. mRNA profiles of GSY147(S288c backgroud) and RM11, in YM or YM supplemented with WYF, treated or not with Cr41, 5 replicates, using Illumina Hiseq.