ccore/rhetoric-saint-thomas-aquinas

--- license: mit --- Whether God Is Composed of Matter and Form? Objection 1: It seems that God is composed of matter and form. For whatever has a soul is composed of matter and form; since the soul is the form of the body. But Scripture attributes a soul to God; for it is mentioned in Hebrews (Heb. 10:38), where God says: "But My just man liveth by faith; but if he withdraw himself, he shall not please My soul." Therefore God is composed of matter and form. Objection 2: Further, anger, joy and the like are passions of the composite. But these are attributed to God in Scripture: "The Lord was exceeding angry with His people" (Ps. 105:40). Therefore God is composed of matter and form. Objection 3: Further, matter is the principle of individualization. But God seems to be individual, for He cannot be predicated of many. Therefore He is composed of matter and form. Contrary: Whatever is composed of matter and form is a body; for dimensive quantity is the first property of matter. But God is not a body as proved in the preceding Article; therefore He is not composed of matter and form. Response: It is impossible that matter should exist in God. First, because matter is in potentiality. But we have shown (Q. 2, A. 3) that God is pure act, without any potentiality. Hence it is impossible that God should be composed of matter and form. Secondly, because everything composed of matter and form owes its perfection and goodness to its form; therefore its goodness is participated, inasmuch as matter participates the form. Now the first good and the best--viz. God--is not a participated good, because the essential good is prior to the participated good. Hence it is impossible that God should be composed of matter and form. Thirdly, because every agent acts by its form; hence the manner in which it has its form is the manner in which it is an agent. Therefore whatever is primarily and essentially an agent must be primarily and essentially form. Now God is the first agent, since He is the first efficient cause. He is therefore of His essence a form; and not composed of matter and form. Reply Objection 1: A soul is attributed to God because His acts resemble the acts of a soul; for, that we will anything, is due to our soul. Hence what is pleasing to His will is said to be pleasing to His soul. Reply Objection 2: Anger and the like are attributed to God on account of a similitude of effect. Thus, because to punish is properly the act of an angry man, God's punishment is metaphorically spoken of as His anger. Reply Objection 3: Forms which can be received in matter are individualized by matter, which cannot be in another as in a subject since it is the first underlying subject; although form of itself, unless something else prevents it, can be received by many. But that form which cannot be received in matter, but is self-subsisting, is individualized precisely because it cannot be received in a subject; and such a form is God. Hence it does not follow that matter exists in God. _______________________--- 许可证：MIT许可证 --- 上帝是否由质料（matter）与形式（form）构成？ 异议1：似乎上帝由质料与形式构成。因为凡有灵魂者均由质料与形式构成；盖灵魂即为身体的形式。而经文将灵魂归于上帝：《希伯来书》10:38载上帝有言：“只是我的义人必因信得生；他若退缩，他必不得我心喜悦。”因此上帝由质料与形式构成。 异议2：再者，愤怒、喜乐等均为复合物的情感。而经文将此类情感归于上帝：“耶和华向他的百姓大发烈怒”（《诗篇》105:40）。因此上帝由质料与形式构成。 异议3：再者，质料是个体化的原则。但上帝似乎是个体，因为他不能被述谓（predicated）于多者。因此上帝由质料与形式构成。 反之：凡由质料与形式构成者均为物体，因为广延量是质料的第一属性。但如前一条所证，上帝并非物体，因此上帝不由质料与形式构成。 答复：上帝之中不可能存在质料。首先，因为质料处于潜能（potentiality）状态。而我们已证明（问题2，第3条），上帝是纯粹的现实（act），不含任何潜能。因此上帝不可能由质料与形式构成。其次，凡由质料与形式构成之物，其完善性与善性均源自其形式；因此其善性是分有而来的，即质料分有形式。而第一善与至善——即上帝——并非分有的善，因为本质的善先于分有的善。因此上帝不可能由质料与形式构成。第三，因为每一施动者均通过其形式而行动；因此其具有形式的方式，即是其作为施动者的方式。因此，首要且本质上为施动者者，必须首要且本质上即为形式。而上帝是第一施动者，因为祂是第一动力因（efficient cause）。因此，上帝的本质即是形式，而非由质料与形式构成。 对异议1的答复：将灵魂归于上帝，是因为祂的作为与有灵魂者的作为相似；因为我们意欲某物，乃是出于我们的灵魂。因此，凡蒙祂的旨意悦纳者，便被称为蒙祂的灵魂悦纳。 对异议2的答复：将愤怒等情感归于上帝，乃是出于结果的相似性。例如，惩罚恰是发怒者的行为，因此上帝的惩罚被隐喻地称为祂的愤怒。 对异议3的答复：可被接收于质料之中的形式，由质料个体化——质料作为第一基底主体，不能在另一主体中被接收；而形式本身，若无他物阻碍，则可被多者接收。但那不能被接收于质料之中、且自存的形式，恰恰因其不能被接收于主体之中而个体化，此形式即为上帝。因此，并不能由此推出上帝之中存在质料。

原始信息汇总

数据集概述

主题

• 探讨神是否由物质和形式构成。

论点

1. 论点1：圣经中提到神有灵魂，而灵魂是身体的形体，因此神由物质和形式构成。
2. 论点2：圣经中提到神的愤怒和喜悦等情感，这些是复合体的特征，因此神由物质和形式构成。
3. 论点3：物质是个体化的原则，神似乎是个体，因此神由物质和形式构成。

反驳

• 反驳：任何由物质和形式构成的都是物体，但神不是物体，因此神不由物质和形式构成。

回应

• 回应：
  • 物质存在于潜在状态，而神是纯粹的行动，没有潜在状态，因此神不由物质和形式构成。
  • 由物质和形式构成的事物依赖其形式获得完美和善，而神是最初的善，不是参与的善，因此神不由物质和形式构成。
  • 每个行动者通过其形式行动，因此首要和本质的行动者必须是首要和本质的形式。神是第一行动者，因此神本质上是形式，不由物质和形式构成。

对论点的回复

1. 回复论点1：神的灵魂被提及是因为神的行动类似于灵魂的行动，因此符合神的意愿被认为是符合神的灵魂。
2. 回复论点2：愤怒等情感被归于神是因为效果的相似性，例如惩罚是愤怒者的行为，因此神的惩罚被比喻为神的愤怒。
3. 回复论点3：能被物质接受的形式由物质个体化，而不能被物质接受的自存形式个体化，因为它们不能被接受在主体中，这样的形式是神，因此神不由物质和形式构成。