Investigation of seasonal microbiome changes in raw milk between conventional and organic farming practices (2)

This study evaluated the microbiome of raw milk from organic and conventional dairy farms over four seasons in Oregon. While both farming systems shared core microbial features, organic farms showed lower bacterial counts and greater seasonal shifts in microbial diversity. Bedding and pasture access influenced microbial transfer to raw milk. These findings highlight how seasonal management, particularly grazing, can reduce microbial load in raw milk. The results may inform farm hygiene practices and support sustainable milk production strategies that balance animal health, milk safety, and environmental conditions.