Phenological characterization and temperature requirements of Annona squamosa L. in the Brazilian semiarid region

ABSTRACT The phenological growth stages of various species of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants can be uniformly coded using the Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale. The aim of the present study was to determine the duration of different phenological stages and the temperature requirements of the sugar-apple, Annona squamosa, during two crop cycles in the semiarid region of Brazil. Phenological stages were divided into eight of ten possible principal stages: (0) bud development, (1) leaf development, (3) shoot/branch development, (5) inflorescence emergence, (6) flowering, (7) fruit development, (8) fruit maturity and (9) senescence and the beginning of dormancy. The phenological cycle of the sugar-apple from having closed leaf buds to the fruit ripening stage lasted 149 and 164 days with temperature requirements of 1684.5 and 1786.7 degree days (DD) for the first and second crop cycles, respectively. The results provided important information that will inform the correct timing for crop management practices.摘要 可采用德国联邦生物研究所、联邦植物品种局与化学工业协会（BBCH）制定的统一分级标准，对多种单子叶和双子叶植物的物候生长阶段进行标准化编码。本研究旨在明确巴西半干旱地区两季种植周期中，番荔枝（Annona squamosa）不同物候阶段的持续时长与温度需求。本次研究将物候阶段划分为10个预设主阶段中的8个：(0) 芽发育、(1) 叶片发育、(3) 新梢/枝条发育、(5) 花序萌动、(6) 开花、(7) 果实发育、(8) 果实成熟，以及(9) 衰老与休眠起始。番荔枝从闭合叶芽阶段至果实成熟阶段的物候周期，两季种植周期分别持续149天和164天，所需积温分别为1684.5和1786.7度日（DD）。本研究结果可为作物栽培管理的精准施时提供重要参考依据。