Predictors and patterns of empirical antibiotic therapy and associated outcomes in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study in a tertiary care facility in South India

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led to a global health crisis. Inappropriate use of antibiotics in COVID-19 patients has been a concern, leading to antimicrobial resistance. This study evaluated the patterns and predictors of empirical antibiotic therapy in COVID-19 patients and associated outcomes. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted with 525 patients admitted to Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, India, with moderate and severe COVID-19 from 1 March to 1 August 2021. They were divided based on empirical therapy, and predictors of antibiotic usage were assessed by logistic regression. Four hundred and eighty (91.4%) COVID-19 patients received at least one course of antibiotics, with 440 (83.8%) initiating empirical therapy. Patients with severe COVID-19 manifestations were more likely to be prescribed empirical antibiotics. Multivariable analysis showed that patients initiated on empirical antibiotics had significantly elevated levels of procalcitonin [OR: 3.91 (95% CI: 1.66–9.16) (<i>p</i> = 0.001)], invasive ventilation [OR: 3.93 (95% CI: 1.70–9.09) (<i>p</i> = 0.001)], shortness of breath [OR: 2.25 (95% CI: 1.30–3.89) (<i>p</i> = 0.003)] and higher CRP levels [OR: 1.01 (95% CI: 1.00–1.01) (<i>p</i> = 0.005)]. Most antibiotics (65.9%) were prescribed from the ‘Watch’ group, the highest being ceftriaxone. Only 23.8% of the patients had microbiologically confirmed infections. The study identified predictors for initiating empirical antibacterial therapy in our setting.