Nonfatal illnesses considered in this study.

*Our survey of 628 citizen households found 10.5% drink tap water; 84.6% bottled water; 3.4% well water; and 1.5% water from undefined other sources [19]. Estimates using bottled water industry sales data suggest noncitizens consume 84%–96.4% of water from taps [34], [35].
**Monthly observations were available for two Abu Dhabi beaches for 2006. We therefore represented coastal water quality in each month as a uniform distribution with a lower bound equal to the lowest observed concentration and an upper bound equal to the highest observed concentration. Due to wastewater overflows in Dubai over the time period of this study, we assumed enterococci concentrations at Dubai beaches were twice those observed in Abu Dhabi (while for all other emirates, concentrations were assumed the same as in Abu Dhabi). The uniform distribution parameters for all emirates other than Dubai (in enterococci/100 ml) are as follows: Jan. (2, 8); Feb. (0, 4); Mar (0, 3); Apr (0, 0); May (0, 0); Jun (0, 12); Jul (0, 85); Aug (0, 85); Sept. (0, 43); Oct. (4, 250); Nov. (5, 6); Dec. (3, 12). For Dubai, these parameters were doubled.
***Proportion of citizens swimming in coastal waters in any given month were estimated from Badrinath et al. [44], as follows: males ≤14: 3.8%, males >14, 1.4%; females ≤14, 0.87%; females >14, 0%. Proportion of non-citizens swimming in coastal waters were estimated from the Australian Sports Commission [45], assumed to be 6.2% (both genders, all ages).