Estimates of the annual mortality rate (D₂₀₂₀) of Wisconsin wolves between 15 April 2020 and 14 April 2021.

We used two census methods to estimate N2020 and N2021 and reproductive parameter R (mean, lower and upper bounds of the 95% CI from [53] for 256 wolf packs. D is estimated as (N2021-N2020) divided by (0.5 * R2020 + N2020) following Eq 3. We assumed the mean value for N2021 because the state did so for setting policy.