Data from: Eocene shark teeth from peninsular Antarctica: Windows to habitat use and paleoceanography

Eocene climate cooling, driven by the falling pCO2 and tectonic changes in
the Southern Ocean, impacted marine ecosystems. Sharks in high-latitude
oceans, sensitive to these changes, offer insights into both environmental
shifts and biological responses, yet few paleoecological studies exist.
The Middle-to-Late Eocene units on Seymour Island, Antarctica, provide a
rich, diverse fossil record, including sharks. We analyzed the oxygen
isotope composition of phosphate from shark tooth bioapatite (δ18Op) and
compared our results to co-occurring bivalves and predictions from an
isotope-enabled global climate model to investigate habitat use and
environmental conditions. Bulk δ18Op values (mean 22.0 ± 1.3‰) show no
significant changes through the Eocene. Furthermore, the variation in bulk
δ18Op values often exceeds that in simulated seasonal and regional values.
Pelagic and benthic sharks exhibit similar δ18Op values across units but
are offset relative to bivalve and modeled values. Some taxa suggest
movements into warmer or more brackish waters (e.g., Striatolamia,
Carcharias) or deeper, colder waters (e.g., Pristiophorus). Taxa like Raja
and Squalus display no shift, tracking local conditions in Seymour Island.
The lack of difference in δ18Op values between pelagic and benthic sharks
in the Late Eocene could suggest a poorly stratified water column,
inconsistent with a fully opened Drake Passage. Our findings demonstrate
that shark tooth bioapatite tracks the preferred habitat conditions for
individual taxa rather than recording environmental conditions where they
are found. A lack of secular variation in δ18Op values says more about
species ecology than the absence of regional or global environmental
changes.