An in silico survey of Clostridioides difficile extrachromosomal elements

The gram-positive enteropathogen Clostridium difficile is the major cause of healthcare associated diarrhoea and is also an important cause of community-acquired infectious diarrhoea. Considering the burden of the disease, many studies have employed whole genome sequencing to identify factors that contribute to virulence and pathogenesis. Though extrachromosomal elements such as plasmids are important for these processes in other bacteria, the few characterized plasmids of C. difficile have no relevant functions assigned and no systematic identification of plasmids has been carried out to date. Here, we perform an in silico analysis of publicly available sequence data, to show that ~13% of all C. difficile strains contain extrachromosomal elements, with 1-6 elements per strain. Our approach identifies known plasmids (e.g. pCD6, pCD630 and cloning plasmids) and 6 novel putative plasmid families. Our study shows that plasmids are abundant and may encode functions that are relevant for C. difficile physiology. The newly identified plasmids may also form the basis for the construction of novel cloning plasmids for C. difficile that are compatible with existing tools.