Knowledge and uncertainty regarding the genus Patella Linnaeus, 1758 in the Atlantic Ocean

Limpets of the genus Patella are key structuring species in rocky shore communities, found exclusively in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. The objective of this review is to synthesise studies conducted on this genus across various ecoregions of the Atlantic Ocean, providing valuable information for future research. In recent years, the number of studies has increased significantly; however, available information remains fragmented across ecoregions and research topics. While most studies have been carried out in the Azores–Madeira–Canaries, Celtic and North Seas and South European Atlantic Shelf, there is a lack of information from Cape Verde, the Saharan Upwelling, and Southern Norway. This review highlights the significant work required for the effective conservation of this genus. The primary knowledge gaps identified include controversies in the nomenclature of various species, particularly in the Patella candei complex, lack of information and updates on reproductive biology, and the need for a more comprehensive understanding of how limpets will respond to future ocean changes. In addition, improved management strategies are required for commercial species. This review also underscores the positive impact of marine protected areas on limpet conservation.