Forgotten Mediterranean calving grounds of gray and North Atlantic right whales: evidence from Roman archaeological records

Right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) were extirpated from the eastern North Atlantic by commercial whaling. Gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) disappeared from the entire North Atlantic in still-mysterious circumstances. Here we test the hypotheses that both of these species previously occurred in the Mediterranean Sea, an area not currently considered part of their historical range. We used ancient DNA barcoding and collagen fingerprinting methods to taxonomically identify a rare set of 10 presumed whale bones from Roman and pre-Roman archaeological sites in the Strait of Gibraltar region, plus an additional bone from the Asturian coast. We identified three right whales, and three gray whales, demonstrating that the ranges of both of these species historically encompassed the Gibraltar region, and likely including the Mediterranean Sea as calving grounds. Our results significantly extend the known range of the Atlantic gray whale, and suggest that 2,000 years ago right and gray whales w...