Supplementary information files for: Covalent bonded bilayers from germanene and stanene with topological giant capacitance effects

Supplementary files for article Covalent bonded bilayers from germanene and stanene with topological giant capacitance effects.
The discovery of twisted bilayer graphene with tunable superconductivity has diverted great focus at the world of twisted van der Waals heterostructures. Here we propose a paradigm for bilayer materials, where covalent bonding replaces the van der Waals interaction between the layers. On the example of germanene-stanene bilayer, we show that such systems demonstrate fascinating topological properties and manifest giant capacitance effects of the order of C = 10²μ F as well as dipole-like charge densities of q = 1 − 2 × 10⁻⁴μ C cm⁻², showing promise for 2D ferroelectricity. The observed unique behaviour is closely linked to transverse strain-induced buckling deformations at the bilayer/substrate interface. In alternative GeSn bilayer structures with low twist angles the strain distortions trigger rich topological defect physics. We propose that the GeSn bilayer topology may be switched locally by a substrate-strain-induced electric fields. We demonstrate an approach to fabricate covalent bilayer materials, holding vast possibilities to transform applications technologies across solar, energy and optoelectronic sectors.