Supplementary Figures for A Frequency-Gated CatSper Blockade

프레젠테이션 1 :Schematic representation of four adjacent CatSper subunits undergoing normal-mode deformation at a predicted resonance frequency of 2.1 MHz.Horizontal orange arrows indicate lateral membrane oscillations; vertical arrows represent the direction of ionic flux.This image was extracted from the hypothesis article titled "A Frequency-Gated CatSper Blockade: A Theoretical Framework for Nonhormonal Contraception". 프레젠테이션 2 :Stepwise experimental design for testing frequency-specific CatSper responses.Step 1: Sperm isolation from human or mouse samples.Step 2: Sperm introduced into a microfluidic flow-through chamber for precise electromagnetic exposure.Step 3: 2.1 MHz sine wave applied via EM driver (≤0.5 W·cm⁻²).Step 4: Functional readouts including CASA motility, intracellular Ca²⁺ (Fura-2), DNA fragmentation (TUNEL), ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1), and patch-clamp recordings.This figure is part of the hypothesis article titled "A Frequency-Gated CatSper Blockade: A Theoretical Framework for Nonhormonal Contraception". 프레젠테이션 3:Molecular dynamics simulation showing the periodic modulation of CatSper channel pore radius (in angstroms) under a 2.1 MHz sine-wave electrical field.The oscillation amplitude (~±0.3 Å) suggests conformational sensitivity to periodic external fields, potentially gating ion flow.Time axis: microseconds (μs); vertical axis: change in pore radius (Å).This simulation supports the hypothesis that CatSper can be frequency-gated via resonance coupling.Included in the article “A Frequency-Gated CatSper Blockade: A Theoretical Framework for Nonhormonal Contraception.”