Thermal Vacuum Performance Testing of the CubeSat Infrared Atmospheric Sounder (CIRAS)
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Hyperspectral infrared sounders measure the profiles of temperature and water vapor in the atmosphere and the concentration of trace gas species. Instruments such as NASA Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the Aqua spacecraft have proven their value for weather and climate research, atmospheric composition research, and high impact to the operational forecast at NWP centers worldwide. Reducing the size, weight and power of these instruments is key to enabling more rapid revisit when deployed in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), enabling new measurements such as 3D Atmospheric Motion Vector (AMV) winds, and reducing the cost of these instrument for future deployment in LEO, Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) and aircraft platforms. NASA and NOAA have sponsored technology maturation at JPL of the CubeSat Infrared Atmospheric Sounder (CIRAS) to demonstrate the use of wide field grating spectrometer optics and large format FPA technologies included in CIRAS for infrared sounding. These include a 2D format High Operating Temperature-Barrier Infrared Detector (HOT-BIRD), a silicon Immersion Grating, and Black Silicon for the CIRAS entrance slit and blackbody. Thermal Vacuum (TVac) performance testing of CIRAS has been completed achieving TRL 5 for a full scale brassboard of the instrument. Testing included spatial, spectral, and radiometric response of the instrument including measurements of the transmission in a gas cell. Results show excellent performance from the system with the exception of a high background flux from the Integrated Dewar Cryocooler Assembly (IDCA). The IDCA is not planned for flight use and projections of the performance in the flight configuration are discussed. Through this testing the instrument has reached TRL 5. Recently, the NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) awarded JPL a contract to fly the CIRAS in an aircraft, called the Pyro-atmosphere Infrared Sounder (PIRS), to measure the convective environment around wildfires.
高光谱红外大气探测器（Hyperspectral Infrared Sounder）可探测大气温度、水汽廓线及痕量气体组分的浓度。诸如搭载于Aqua航天器的美国国家航空航天局（NASA，National Aeronautics and Space Administration）大气红外探测器（AIRS，Atmospheric Infrared Sounder）这类仪器，已在气象与气候研究、大气成分研究，以及为全球数值天气预报（Numerical Weather Prediction，简称NWP）中心的业务预报提供高价值支撑等方面证明了自身价值。缩减此类仪器的尺寸、重量与功耗，是实现低地球轨道（Low Earth Orbit，简称LEO）部署时更快重访周期、支持三维大气运动矢量（Atmospheric Motion Vector，简称AMV）风场这类新型探测，以及降低未来在低地球轨道、地球静止轨道（Geostationary Earth Orbit，简称GEO）与航空器平台部署此类仪器成本的核心关键。美国国家航空航天局（NASA）与美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA，National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration）已资助喷气推进实验室（JPL，Jet Propulsion Laboratory）推进CubeSat红外大气探测器（CIRAS，CubeSat Infrared Atmospheric Sounder）的技术成熟化工作，以验证CIRAS所采用的宽视场光栅光谱仪光学系统与大阵列焦平面阵列（Focal Plane Array，简称FPA）技术在红外大气探测中的应用。这些技术包括二维阵列高工作温度势垒红外探测器（HOT-BIRD，High Operating Temperature-Barrier Infrared Detector）、硅基浸没光栅，以及用于CIRAS入射狭缝和黑体的黑硅材料。CIRAS的热真空（Thermal Vacuum，简称TVac）性能测试已全部完成，其全尺寸黄铜板级样机达到了技术成熟度等级5（TRL 5）。测试内容涵盖仪器的空间、光谱与辐射响应特性，其中包含气室透射率测量环节。测试结果显示该系统整体性能优异，仅集成杜瓦制冷机组件（Integrated Dewar Cryocooler Assembly，简称IDCA）产生的背景通量偏高。IDCA并未计划应用于飞行构型，文中还对飞行构型下的性能预测进行了讨论。通过本次测试，该仪器已达到TRL 5等级。近期，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）地球科学技术办公室（ESTO，Earth Science Technology Office）向JPL授予合同，将CIRAS搭载于航空器平台，该飞行样机被命名为野火大气红外探测器（PIRS，Pyro-atmosphere Infrared Sounder），用于探测野火周边的对流环境。
