Трудные дыхательные пути у детей: обзор литературы.

Background: Difficult airway in neonates and children is an extremely dangerous situation, relatively rarely encountered by anesthesiologists and critical care physicians. In pediatrics, managing airway patency presents a number of unique technical challenges due to the unique anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the disease, requiring specialized knowledge, skills, and equipment. Significant changes during growth and development also create additional complications. Furthermore, algorithms used in adult practice are not fully applicable to children, and the few developed specifically for pediatrics require further study.
Study Objective: To analyze the literature on the diagnosis of difficult airway in pediatrics to summarize the current state of the art.
Materials and Methods: An analysis of literature sources indexed for the period from 2000 to 2025 was conducted. PubMed, Google Scholar, Сochrane MEDLINE, and E-Library (for Russian authors) were searched.
Results: 1,723 literature sources were identified during the identification stage, of which 133 were selected for eligibility assessment. A total of 50 sources were selected for the literature review that fully met the selection criteria. The literature review revealed that there is currently no universal algorithm for managing airway patency in pediatric practice. Any medical facility where children may require respiratory support must be fully equipped with ventilation equipment, mouth opening devices, and airway management devices in a wide range of sizes for a wide range of situations. Staff must be trained and continuously improve their manual and communication skills.
Conclusions: Maintaining airway patency in newborns, infants, and children is a complex task that requires staff to undergo continuous education and the development of specialized knowledge, skills, and abilities. Strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration allows for comprehensive and coordinated treatment, significantly reducing the risk of various complications.