Correlations and Pairwise Causality Statistics between the Study Variables.

Positive value of Tkernel or Tentropy suggests that the first-mentioned variable in comparison is causal antecedent of the secondly mentioned, whereas a negative value implies the opposite. Parentheses give 95% bootstrap-percentile confidence intervals of estimates, except for ordinary correlation for which standard asymptotic theory was used. Statistically significant comparisons are highlighted with bold font.
Δ6y =  change over six years (from 2001 to 2007).
Δ10y =  change over ten years (from 2001 to 2011).
Waist  =  Waist circumference.
r =  Correlation coefficient.
Tkernel =  DirectLiNGAM- and Kernel-based measure of pairwise causality.
Tentropy =  Approximate-entropy and asymptotic-likelihood –based measure of pairwise causality.