Correlations and Pairwise Causality Statistics between the Study Variables.

Positive value of Tkernel or Tentropy suggests that the first-mentioned variable in comparison is causal antecedent of the secondly mentioned, whereas a negative value implies the opposite. Parentheses give 95% bootstrap-percentile confidence intervals of estimates, except for ordinary correlation for which standard asymptotic theory was used. Statistically significant comparisons are highlighted with bold font. Δ6y = change over six years (from 2001 to 2007). Δ10y = change over ten years (from 2001 to 2011). Waist = Waist circumference. r = Correlation coefficient. Tkernel = DirectLiNGAM- and Kernel-based measure of pairwise causality. Tentropy = Approximate-entropy and asymptotic-likelihood –based measure of pairwise causality.