five

Discussion of 里/裡 [lǐ] inside, inner; lining (of a garment) - Trainchinese

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1 - Two points we need to keep in mind when using 里: 1. 里 or 里边 cannot be used after nouns indicating country's name or a city's name: For example: 我在中国。 我在上海。 ---> 里 cannot be used in these two sentences. 2. 里 or 里边 is used after nouns indicating containers. For example: 裤子在衣柜里。 面条在锅里。 2 - In this note, we will compare 里 and 中, two nouns of locality. 1. Sometimes 里 and 中 are interchangeable. This is when they both refer to a place, a period of time or the inside of something. Examples: 心里/心中 (in one's mind, in one's heart), 眼里/眼中 (in one's eyes), 村子里/村子中 (in the village) 2. When referring to a social unit, person in charge or the members of the social unit, only 里 is used. Example: 去年厂里决定购买一批新设备。Last year, the factory decided to purchase a new batch of equipment. Here 厂里 does not literally mean to “the inside of a factory“, instead, it refers to the factory itself as a social unit, or to be more specific, “the person/people who is/are in charge of purchasing the new equipment“. 3.When referring to a process, a status or something abstract, something that is infinitely large, 中 is used. 里 is incorrect in these contexts. Example: 这个案子目前还在调查中。This case is still under investigation. 他在交谈中流露出一丝不耐烦。During the conversation, he showed a little impatience. 3 - 里 vs 内 vs 中: 里, 内 and 中 are all nouns of locality (=nouns that show direction and location). Whare are their differences? 1. 里 and 内 can be independently used as a noun or as a noun immediately preceded by a preposition; 中 cannot be used in these two ways. 1a. When 里 and 内 are used independently as a noun, they are limited to a few idioms or fixed phrases; 内 usually appears in written Chinese. In these examples below, 里 and 内 are NOT interchangeable, because they are idioms or fixed phrases: 里应外合 lǐ yìng wài hé [idiom] to collaborate from within with forces from outside 由表及里 yóu biǎo jí lǐ [idiom] from the outside to the inside, from the surface to the centre 请勿入内 qǐng wù rù nèi ! [phr] No entry! 1b. When following a preposition, 里 is limited to these prepositions -- 往, 朝, 从, 由, 向, while 内 is used with 由, 在, 从. For example: Prep. 里: 往里走, 朝里看, 从里到外, 由里往外 Prep. 内: 由内而外, 计算在内, 从内到外 2. 里, 内 and 中 can all be used after a noun. In other words, they can all appear in the structure “Noun ___“, indicating location, time or range, etc.. But there are some differences. 2a. 内 and 中 are used in written Chinese (more formal), while 里 is used in spoken Chinese (more informal and casual). For example: 家里 vs 家中 房间里 vs 房间内,房间中 2b. When 内 appears in “Noun ___“ and indicates location or range, the preceding noun is usually (but not always) mono-syllabic. For example: Indicating location: 校内, 室内, 场内, 市内 Indicating range: 党内, 学术团体内 2c. 中 can be used to indicate a state or a situation, and in this case it usually appears after prep such as 在 or 从. Note that 内 and 里 cannot be used in this way: e.g. 在欢乐的气氛中 (in a happy atmosphere), 从昏迷中苏醒过来 (to come out of a coma) 2d. 里 can be used with a preceding noun that is an organization or agency, referring to the organization itself or the place where it’s located. e.g. 县里, 厂里, 机关里, 家里 2e. 里 and 中 can be used with a preceding noun that is a human body part it can carry on a figurative meaning. The difference is that 里 is informal and 中 is formal. e.g. 手里/手中, 嘴里/嘴中, 心里/心中. 内 cannnot be used in this way. For example, 手里(or 手中)掌握了一些信息 (figurative meaning: get hold of some information; not actually holding a tangible object in one's hand) 3. 里, 内 and 中 can all be used before a noun. In other words, they can all appear in the structure “___ Noun“, acting as some sort of modifier to the noun. But there are some differences and Chinese learners might need to memorize the combinations one by one. 3a. 中 indicates a place between two extremes, somewhere in the middle. For example: - Indicating the position. e.g. 中途, 中指, 长江中游 - Indicating the time. e.g. 中秋, 中古时期 - Indicating the level or scale. e.g. 中篇小说, 中学, 中型, 中号 3b. 里 is usually used before a monosyllabic noun. 内 acts as a modifier to the noun, but it's reduced to a morpheme and its function is to construct words. For example: 内室, 内河 里屋, 里院 Sometimes, 里 and 内 are interchangeable, for example we can also say 内屋 and 内院. 4. Among the three, only 中 can appear after a verb. In other words, only 中 can appear in the structure “Verb ___“, indicating the process or a continuous state. For example: - Indicating the process: 讨论中 (when discussing), 会谈中 (during the meeting) - Indicating a continuous state: 在写作中 (while writing) 5. Among the three, only 内 can appear before a verb. In other words, only 内 can appear in the structure “___ Verb“. In this case, 内 acts as a modifier but it's reduced to a morpheme and its function is to construct words. For example: 内分泌 nèi fēn mì [n] endocrine (internal secretion, e.g. hormone) 内出血 nèi chū xiě [phr] internal bleeding 6. Among the three, only 里 can appear after an adjective. In other words, only 内 can appear in the structure “Adjective ___“, indicating direction or aspect. The adjectives are usually mono-syllabic. For example: 往好里想 wǎng háo lí xiǎng [phr] to think in a more positive way 横里看,竖里看 héng lǐ kàn , shù lǐ kàn [idiom] to look at something from all different angles or perspectives 4 - What other words are used in place of 里 (lǐ)?

在使用‘里’字时,我们有两点需谨记:首先,‘里’或‘里边’不可用于表示国家名称或城市名称的名词之后,例如:‘我在中国。’‘我在上海。’在这两句中均不能使用‘里’字。其次,‘里’或‘里边’用于表示容器的名词之后,例如:‘裤子在衣柜里。’‘面条在锅里。’在本文中,我们将对比‘里’与‘中’,二者均为表示地域的名词。一、‘里’与‘中’有时可以互换使用。这种情况是指它们均指代一个地点、一个时间段或某物之内。例如:‘心里/心中’(在某人心中,在某人内心中),‘眼里/眼中’(在某人眼中),‘村子里面/村子中间’(在村庄中)。二、当指代社会单位、负责人或社会单位的成员时,仅使用‘里’。例如:‘去年厂里决定购买一批新设备。’去年,该工厂决定购置一批新设备。在此例中,‘厂里’并非字面意义上的‘工厂之内’,而是指工厂本身作为一个社会单位,或者更具体地说,指负责购置新设备的负责人或相关人员。三、当指代过程、状态或抽象事物,或指代无限大的事物时,使用‘中’。在这些情境下,使用‘里’是不恰当的。例如:‘这个案子目前还在调查中。’‘他在交谈中流露出一丝不耐烦。’四、‘里’、‘内’与‘中’均为表示地域的名词(即表示方向和位置的名词)。它们之间有何差异?一、‘里’和‘内’可以独立使用作为名词,或者作为紧跟介词的名词;而‘中’不能以这两种方式使用。1a. 当‘里’和‘内’独立使用作为名词时,它们仅限于少数成语或固定短语;‘内’通常出现在书面汉语中。在以下例子中,‘里’和‘内’不可互换,因为它们是成语或固定短语:里应外合(lǐ yìng wài hé)、由表及里(yóu biǎo jí lǐ)、请勿入内(qǐng wù rù nèi)。1b. 当跟随介词时,‘里’仅限于这些介词——往、朝、从、由、向,而‘内’与由、在、从一起使用。例如:介词:里——往里走、朝里看、从里到外、由里往外;介词:内——由内而外、计算在内、从内到外。二、‘里’、‘内’和‘中’均可用于名词之后。换句话说,它们都可以出现在“名词 ___”的结构中,表示位置、时间或范围等。但存在一些差异。2a. ‘内’和‘中’用于书面汉语(更正式),而‘里’用于口语汉语(更非正式和随意)。例如:家里 vs 家中、房间里 vs 房间内,房间中。2b. 当“名词 ___”中的“内”表示位置或范围时,前面的名词通常是(但不总是)单音节。例如:表示位置:校内、室内、场内、市内;表示范围:党内、学术团体内。2c. ‘中’可以用来表示状态或情况,在这种情况下,它通常出现在介词如‘在’或‘从’之后。请注意,‘内’和‘里’不能以这种方式使用:例如,在欢乐的气氛中(in a happy atmosphere)、从昏迷中苏醒过来(to come out of a coma)。2d. ‘里’可以与表示组织或机构的名词一起使用,指代该组织本身或其所在地。例如:县里、厂里、机关里、家里。2e. ‘里’和‘中’可以与表示人体部位的名词一起使用,带有比喻意义。区别在于‘里’是非正式的,而‘中’是正式的。例如:手里/手中、嘴里/嘴中、心里/心中。‘内’不能以这种方式使用。例如,手里(或手中)掌握了一些信息(比喻意义:掌握了一些信息;并非实际手中持有可触的物体)。三、‘里’、‘内’和‘中’均可以用于名词之前。换句话说,它们都可以出现在“___ 名词”的结构中,作为名词的修饰语。但存在一些差异,中文学习者可能需要逐个记忆这些组合。3a. ‘中’表示两个极端之间的位置。例如:表示位置——中途、中指、长江中游;表示时间——中秋、中古时期;表示水平或规模——中篇小说、中学、中型、中号。3b. ‘里’通常用于单音节名词之前。‘内’作为名词的修饰语,但其功能已缩减为词素,其作用是构造词语。例如:内室、内河、里屋、里院。有时,‘里’和‘内’可以互换,例如我们也可以说内屋和内院。四、在三者中,只有‘中’可以出现在动词之后。换句话说,只有‘中’可以出现在“动词 ___”的结构中,表示过程或持续状态。例如:表示过程——讨论中(when discussing)、会谈中(during the meeting);表示持续状态——在写作中(while writing)。五、在三者中,只有‘内’可以出现在动词之前。换句话说,只有‘内’可以出现在“___ 动词”的结构中。在这种情况下,‘内’作为修饰语,但其功能已缩减为词素,其作用是构造词语。例如:内分泌(endocrine)、内出血(internal bleeding)。六、在三者中,只有‘里’可以出现在形容词之后。换句话说,只有‘里’可以出现在“形容词 ___”的结构中,表示方向或方面。形容词通常是单音节。例如:往好里想(to think in a more positive way)、横里看,竖里看(to look at something from all different angles or perspectives)。四、在‘里’的替代词中,还有哪些词汇可以使用?
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