Sound files for The wolf spider Pardosa milvina detects predator threat level using only vibratory cues

Sound files Predators may inadvertently signal their presence and threat level by way of signals in multiple modalities. We used a spider, <em>Pardosa milvina</em>, known to respond adaptively to chemotactile predator cues (i.e., silk, faeces and other excreta) to evaluate whether it could also discriminate predation risk from isolated vibratory cues. Vibrations from its prey, conspecifics, and predators (<em>Tigrosa helluo</em> and <em>Scarites quadriceps</em>) were recorded and played back to <em>Pardosa</em>. In addition, we recorded predator vibrations with and without access to chemotactile cues from <em>Pardosa</em>, indicating the presence of prey. <em>Pardosa</em> did not appear to discriminate between vibrations from prey or conspecifics, but the response to predators depended on the presence of cues from <em>Pardosa</em>. Vibrations from predators with access to chemotactile cues from prey induced reductions in <em>Pardosa</em> activity. Predator cues typically occur in multiple modalities, but prey are capable of imperfectly evaluating predation risk using a limited subset of information.