DKD

We retrospectively enrolled patients who were pathologically diagnosed with DKD following a renal biopsy at the Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, between June 2019 and May 2023. We collected patient history, including age, sex, height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), age at diabetes diagnosis, duration of diabetes, age at hypertension diagnosis, duration of hypertension, and hypertension grade. The duration of diabetes and hypertension was the interval from initial diagnosis to renal biopsy. We also gathered renal biopsy pathology reports and the last laboratory test results available before the biopsy. These included: hemoglobin (Hb), platelet count (PLT), serum cholinesterase (ChE), serum albumin (Alb), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), eGFR, serum uric acid (UA), fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum chloride (Cl), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), serum phosphorus (Pi), 24-hour urine volume (24hUV), 24-hour urine protein (24hUP), 24-hour urinary microalbumin (MAU), α1 and β2 microglobulin, and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Additional blood tests included serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), complements C3 and C4, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and urinary red blood cell count (URBC/HPF).The diagnosis of diabetes was based on the criteria of the American Diabetes Association. The eGFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Follow-up records were collected from the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) system of The First Hospital of Jilin University. For patients who had regular follow-ups at our hospital, their records were used. Patients with no or insufficient follow-up records were contacted by telephone to confirm whether an endpoint event had occurred by May 2024, and the specific date of the event. The composite endpoint was defined as all-cause mortality, initiation of regular dialysis, or receiving a renal transplant. If a patient experienced multiple endpoint events, the first event and its corresponding date were recorded for the analysis.本研究回顾性纳入2019年6月至2023年5月期间，于吉林大学第一医院肾病内科行经皮肾活检且经病理确诊为糖尿病肾病（Diabetic Kidney Disease, DKD）的患者。 收集患者基线病史资料，包括年龄、性别、身高、体重、体质量指数（Body Mass Index, BMI）、糖尿病确诊年龄、糖尿病病程、高血压确诊年龄、高血压病程及高血压分级。其中糖尿病与高血压病程定义为从初次确诊至肾活检手术的时间间隔。 同时收集肾活检病理报告及活检前最近一次的实验室检验结果，涵盖：血红蛋白（Hb）、血小板计数（PLT）、血清胆碱酯酶（ChE）、血清白蛋白（Alb）、血尿素氮（BUN）、血清肌酐（Scr）、估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）、血尿酸（UA）、空腹血糖（FBG）、血清氯离子（Cl）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、血清磷（Pi）、24小时尿量（24hUV）、24小时尿蛋白定量（24hUP）、24小时尿微量白蛋白（MAU）、α1及β2微球蛋白与免疫球蛋白G（IgG）。额外血液检测项目包括血清免疫球蛋白（IgG、IgA、IgM）、补体C3与C4、高敏C反应蛋白（CRP）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、红细胞沉降率（ESR）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）以及尿红细胞计数（URBC/HPF）。 糖尿病诊断采用美国糖尿病学会（American Diabetes Association, ADA）制定的标准；估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）采用慢性肾脏病流行病学合作（Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, CKD-EPI）公式计算得出。 随访资料通过吉林大学第一医院电子病历（Electronic Medical Record, EMR）系统获取：对于在本院规律随访的患者，直接调取其随访记录；对于无随访记录或随访资料不全的患者，通过电话联系确认其截至2024年5月是否发生终点事件，并记录事件发生的具体日期。 本研究的复合终点定义为全因死亡、开始规律性肾脏替代透析或接受肾移植。若患者发生多起终点事件，仅记录首次事件及其发生日期用于后续分析。