Supplementary Material for: Dietary Vitamin E Intake Was Inversely Associated with Hyperuricemia in US Adults: NHANES 2009–2014

Introduction: Current evidence on the association between dietary vitamin E intake and hyperuricemia risk is limited and conflicting. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the association of dietary vitamin E intake with hyperuricemia in US adults. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2014. Dietary vitamin E intake was evaluated through two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to examine the association between dietary vitamin E intake and hyperuricemia. Results: Overall, 12,869 participants were included. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was 19.35%. After adjustment for age, gender, BMI, race, educational level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, total daily energy intake, total cholesterol, protein intake, glomerular filtration rate, serum Cr, use of uric acid drugs, and drug abuse, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of hyperuricemia for the highest tertile of dietary vitamin E intake was 0.77 (0.63–0.96) compared with that of the lowest tertile. In men, dietary vitamin E intake and hyperuricemia were negatively correlated. In stratified analyses by age (20–39, 40–59, and ≥60 years), dietary vitamin E intake was inversely associated with hyperuricemia only among participants aged ≥60 years. Dose-response analyses showed that dietary vitamin E intake was inversely associated with hyperuricemia in a nonlinear manner. Conclusion: Dietary vitamin E intake was negatively correlated with hyperuricemia in US adults, especially among males and participants aged ≥60 years.