Tempo and mode of winter diapause evolution in butterflies

Quantifying the tempo and mode via modern phylogenetic comparative methods can provide key insights into how selection and constraints shape trait evolution on a macroevolutionary time scale. Here we elucidate the evolution of hibernation (winter) diapause, a complex and defining life-history trait that allows temporal escape from harsh winters in temperate regions in many insects, including our model system, butterflies. Butterflies can diapause in all major life-stages and availability of global-scale phylogenies makes them an ideal model system for studying diapause evolution. First, using a thorough literature survey, we scored the developmental stage of hibernation diapause (egg, larva, pupa, adult) vs. absence of diapause. We find that larval diapause is most common while pupal, egg, and adult diapause are relatively rare. Next, we determined that the loss of diapause occurred at a much higher rate, and that gains primarily occurred from the non-diapause state. While ancestral sta..., The data comprises the developmental stage in which butterflies diapause (i.e. egg, larva, pupa, adult) or do not diapause, and was collected by literature search. The diapause classification was scored at the genus level. Next, using the phylogenetic comparative methods, mainly models for modelling the evolution of discrete traits or Mk models, a range of analyses were performed, for example, quantifying the rate of transition between states, ancestral state estimation, rate through time, etc. Please refer to the Methods section in the paper for more details. All analyses data analyses were performed in R., , # Tempo and mode of diapause evolution in butterflies

Sridhar Halali, Etka Yapar, Christopher W Wheat, Niklas Wahlberg, Karl Gotthard, Nicolas Chazot, Sören Nylin, Philipp Lehmann

Dataset and R codes for modelling diapause evolution in butterflies

Summary of the contents

## Trait data

* `diapause_classification_data_RAW.xlsx`: This file contains raw data for five, three and binary diapause classification along with the data on tree id (as in the phylogeny), species, genus, and references used for diapause classification. Note that the full citations corresponding to these references are provided in the supplementary information. All the columns are self-explanatory and contain information on the tip labels in the phylogeny, genus, species and species family followed by five, three and two-state diapause classification. Note that there are ’NA’ rows in the ‘tree_species’ column which simply means that the species name for that specific genus is not known.
* `diapause_classification_...