Rabbit spotlight counts are a better index of population density when density is high

Context: The management of the European rabbit is of strong interest to land managers. However, rabbits can be difficult to detect due to being nocturnal and living in dense vegetation or burrows. Consequently, rabbit spotlight counts are frequently used as an index of their density, but they are generally not expected to accurately reflect their true density. Indices place paramount importance on the precision of the estimator, which is directly driven by variability in individual estimates.
Aims: To investigate how the variability of rabbit spotlight counts changes with the number of rabbits counted, repeated counts, and environmental variables.
Key results: We identified a significant negative association between the number of rabbits counted and count variability; spotlight counts as an index of rabbit density have greater statistical power and are more likely to detect similar proportional differences in density when density is high compared to when density is low. We did not find ..., We defined variability as the relative deviation of a single spotlight count from the mean of a set of three consecutive spotlight counts on the same population. We modelled spotlight count variability across 22 Australian sites over the period 2006-2020 using generalised linear mixed models.,