AUTONOMOUS AND HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR ELECTRICITY AND HEAT SUPPLY IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

The rising energy costs, climate change, and increasing loads on centralized energy networks emphasize the importance of autonomous and hybrid renewable energy systems in residential buildings. This study reviews global and local research on photovoltaic, wind, biomass, and battery-based hybrid systems for electricity supply, as well as solar air collector-based heating solutions. Results indicate that hybrid systems can significantly reduce electricity costs (LCOE $0.149–0.664/kWh) and CO₂ emissions while ensuring reliable energy supply. Solar air-based heating systems provide 300–900 kWh of thermal energy per square meter annually, maintaining indoor temperatures within 18–22°C. Although electricity supply using hybrid systems has been widely studied, autonomous heat supply requires further investigation. This review highlights the potential of combining electric underfloor heating with solar air heating to optimize energy efficiency, technical reliability, and environmental sustainability in residential buildings.